Dorsiflexion of the hand is a confusing term, and so is rarely used. They refer to the two surfaces of the foot the dorsum (superior surface) and the plantar surface (the sole).ĭorsiflexion refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly. When lying flat on the front, the body is prone.ĭorsiflexion and plantarflexion are terms used to describe movements at the ankle. These terms also apply to the whole body - when lying flat on the back, the body is supine. This is the prone position, and so this movement is named pronation. This is the supine position, and so this movement is supination.Īgain, keeping the elbow and shoulder still, flip your hand onto its front, palm down.
With your hand resting on a table in front of you, and keeping your shoulder and elbow still, turn your hand onto its back, palm up. This is easily confused with medial and lateral rotation, but the difference is subtle. shoulder shrug), depression refers to movement in an inferior direction. Fig 2 - Adduction, abduction and rotation.Įlevation refers to movement in a superior direction (e.g. This is in the opposite direction to the movements described above. Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline. This is internal rotation of the shoulder. Now rotate the arm, bringing your hand towards your opposite hip (elbow still at 90 degrees). Secondly, imagine you are carrying a tea tray in front of you, with elbow at 90 degrees. Firstly, with a straight leg, rotate it to point the toes inward. To understand this, we have two scenarios to imagine. It is sometimes referred to as internal rotation. Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline. Medial and lateral rotation describe movement of the limbs around their long axis: Therefore, abducting the fingers spreads them out. In fingers and toes, the midline used is not the midline of the body, but of the hand and foot respectively. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body.Īdduction is a movement towards the midline. Fig 1 - Flexion and extension.Ībduction and adduction are two terms that are used to describe movements towards or away from the midline of the body.Ībduction is a movement away from the midline - just as abducting someone is to take them away. Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. When the knee flexes, the ankle moves closer to the buttock, and the angle between the femur and tibia gets smaller.Įxtension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. They refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts:įlexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. We have described the terms in antagonistic pairs for ease of understanding.įlexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. Most movements have an opposite movement - also known as an antagonistic movement. The terms used assume that the body begins in the anatomical position. Muscles contract to produce movement at joints, and the subsequent movements can be precisely described using this terminology. Anatomical terms of movement are used to describe the actions of muscles upon the skeleton.
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